ASTM D8-2019 pdf free download

ASTM D8-2019 pdf free download.Standard Terminology Relating to Materials for Roads and Pavements
3. Terminology
agency, n—an organization, company, bureau, or other entity engaged in testing, sampling, or inspection of road and paving materials. aggregate, n—a granular material used as a construction material, meeting the requirements of road and paving applications. D ISCUSSION —Examples of aggregate include sand, gravel, shell, slag, and crushed stone. See coarse aggregate and fine aggregate for more information. air voids (Pa), n—the volume of air between the asphalt- coated aggregate particles throughout a compacted asphalt mix, expressed as a percent of the total volume of the sample. D ISCUSSION —A variable previously used for this term was Va. anionic emulsified asphalt (anionic emulsion), n—a type of emulsified asphalt such that a particular emulsifying agent establishes a predominance of negative charges on the discontinuous phase. API gravity, n—a function of specific gravity represented by the equation in Test Method D3142/D3142M. D ISCUSSION —A specific gravity scale developed by the American Petroleum Institute (API) used to compare how heavy or light a petroleum liquid is compared to water. asphalt, n—A dark brown to black cement-like residuum obtained from the distillation of suitable crude oils. D ISCUSSION —The distillation processes may involve one or more of the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation. Further processing of distillation residuum may be needed to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commer- cial applications. These additional processes can involve air oxidation,solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness character- istics. In Europe asphalt is called bitumen. asphalt binder, n—asphalt which may or may not contain an asphalt modifier (see asphalt modifier). D ISCUSSION —this term is often used in the Performance Graded Binder system. asphalt cement, n—See asphalt. asphalt concrete, n—See asphalt mix. asphalt mix (asphalt mixture), n—a mixture of asphalt binder, emulsified asphalt, or cutback asphalt and aggre- gates. The mixture may also include other materials. asphalt pavement, n—a structure consisting of one or more prepared layers of asphalt mix atop one or more supporting layers of unbound, modified, or treated subgrade, subbase or base materials. asphalt-rubber, n—a blend of asphalt cement, reclaimed tire rubber, and certain additives in which the rubber component is at least 15 % by weight of the total blend and has reacted in the hot asphalt cement sufficiently to cause swelling ofthe rubber particles. asphaltenes, n—insoluble materials that are precipitated by use of selected solvents, such as n-heptane. D ISCUSSION —The asphaltene fraction should be identified by the solvent and solvent-asphalt ratio used. bitumen, n—dark brown to black cement-like residuum ob- tained from the distillation of suitable crude oils. D ISCUSSION —The distillation processes may involve one or more of the following: atmospheric distillation, vacuum distillation, steam distillation. Further processing of distillation residuum may be needed to yield a material whose physical properties are suitable for commer- cial applications. These additional processes can involve air oxidation, solvent stripping or blending of residua of different stiffness character- istics. In North America bitumen is called asphalt.bituminous, adj—containing or treated with bitumen (also bituminized). D ISCUSSION —Examples: bituminous concrete, bituminized felts and fabrics, bituminous pavement. blast-furnace slag, n—the nonmetallic product, consisting essentially of silicates and alumino-silicates of calcium and other bases, that is developed in a molten condition simul- taneously with iron in a blast furnace. D ISCUSSION —Depending on the way of cooling of the liquid slag, it can be distinguished between crystalline air-cooled blast furnace (ACBF) slag and glassy granulated blast furnace (GBF) slag. bond breaker, n—a material applied between two adjoining materials to prevent adhesion between them. bulk density, n—the ratio of the mass of a material to the volume it occupies. D ISCUSSION —Another common phrase for this term is unit weight. bulk specific gravity, n—the ratio of the mass of a given volume of material, including the impermeable and perme- able voids, to the mass of an equal volume of water at a specified temperature.